نشریه هفت آسمان
پیاپی 84 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

. Mullah Ahmad Naraghi is one of the prominent scholars of the reign of Fath Ali Shah Qajar who, in addition to his prominent scientific and religious status, has enjoyed the influence of the word and a high social status. In this descriptive-analytical study, Mullah Ahmad Naraghi's socio-political relations and confrontation with the Qajar government have been studied. Due to the relative calm in the country and the policy of Fath Ali Shah in supporting the religious scholars and pretending to be religious and observing and adhering to Islam and Shiite religion, he, along with other prominent scholars of the time, issued a fatwa on jihad and invited the people from the king and government. Qajar supported the Russian invasion of Iran and using the support of Fath Ali Shah, while confronting the deviant currents and crooked groups, he enlightened and promoted the religion of Islam. This convergence of Mullah Ahmad Naraqi with Shah Qajar does not mean the approval of all the actions of the government; Rather, in his works, while criticizing the tyrant ruler, he depicts the various dimensions of a religious and just government and expresses the best type of government, namely Velayat-e-Faqih, in a systematic manner

Given the increase in Muslim sectarianism over the last decade or so, especially in the Middle East, one would be forgiven for asking whether the idea of Muslims transcending the historical and religious Sunni-Shi’i divides today would ever be possible (even if one is of the view that it is highly desirable).The numerous recent events of ‘sectarian’ or religiously-inspired/justified violence and ongoing repression of many Muslim communities by other Muslims (both within and across sectarian divides in many parts of the Muslim majority world), which have resulted in many lost lives, justify scepticism and lack of optimism in this respect.However, this rather grim picture ought not deter us from efforts to make the situation better, as problematic as it is. Put differently, the alternative of upholding the status quo is for many Muslims today no longer acceptable on both moral and religious/theological grounds.Part of the solution is that the intellectual and the lived reality-based arguments for transcending Muslim sectarianism are already in place in the form of what I refer to as the theory of progressive Islam.

The Second Vatican Council was a milestone in the history of the Roman Catholic Church, and it greatly reconciled the church with the modern world. In this council, which lasted from 1962 to 1965, progressives and conservatives rallied against each other, resulting in the passage of sixteen largely progressive documents. The most important aspects of the renewal of Catholic teachings are: diversity of languages and cultures in worship, Christian unity, religious coexistence, episcopal collegiality, justice, and the position of lay people in the church. The council had social and theological backgrounds. Socially, the situation of Catholics in poor countries greatly influenced thefinal documents. Theologically, the ideas of modern theologians such as Teilhard de Chardin, Henri de Lubac, Yves Congar, and Karl Rahnner were also very influential. After the Second Vatican Council, Roman Catholic piety was also revived, and in particular, Mother Teresa of Calcutta and Henri Nouwen were prominent in this regard.

Determining the temporal and spatial contexts of the emergence of ancient religions is an important issue in the history of the religions of the ancient world. Due to its longevity, Zoroastrianism has a special place in the history of ancient religions, but this issue has made it difficult to access the original and comprehensive religious texts and to understand and interpret the surviving texts and to know the true founder. The time and place of Zoroaster's origin have been discussed and debated by scholars on this basis for a long time, so that every researcher has tried to find a reasonable solution based on the evidence obtained from Zoroastrian texts and its comparison with historical, archaeological and linguistic data. To identify the time and place of the emergence of Zoroaster. Zabih Behrooz is one of the Iranian researchers who has studied theories in this field. Although Behrouz's theories have been considered by some of his students and contemporaries and part of the Zoroastrian community in Iran, this article will show that the foundations of his theories are not subject to criticism and experimental truth and his view of the time of Zoroastrianism is not provable.

Peter L. Berger (1929–2017) was one of the most influential sociologists of the last sixty years. In the sociology of religion, his publications are among the key works of the discipline. This paper is a “positive critique” of three aspects of Berger’s theoretical work in the sociology of religion: (1) an inconsistent application of the idea of social construction, (2) a lack of focus on power and ideology, and (3) an insufficient operationalization of language as a vehicle of world-construction. Augmenting Berger’s field-defining work with insights from contemporary theories of ideology and discourse, the article provides an outline for a critical constructionist approach to the sociology of religion.Peter L. Berger (1929–2017) was one of the most influential sociologists of the last sixty years. In the sociology of religion, his publications are among the key works of the discipline. This paper is a “positive critique” of three aspects of Berger’s theoretical work in the sociology of religion: (1) an inconsistent application of the idea of social construction, (2) a lack of focus on power and ideology, and (3) an insufficient operationalization of language as a vehicle of world-construction.

The most pervasive nature that affects the human biological world is religion. Religion includes peace, war, development and destruction, etc. Art is a powerful tool of religion in the meantime by spreading and spreading ideas and thoughts and its boundaries. Art education in society, on the one hand, helps to expand and enrich the artistic and spiritual techniques and beauties in religion, and on the other hand, in the audience dimension, such as social media, leads the audience to growth. According to its existential philosophy, each of the religions can order religious works of art according to its value content and make the most of art. Religious donors have been seen and due to the spatial spirituality of works of art have been preserved as much as possible. Despite this fluid flow of life; The need and understanding of art and art education has helped and art has been a platform for motivation, interaction and spiritual atmosphere.